Creating the First Digital Handbook of Latin Phonetics: Between Linguistics, Digital Humanities and Language Teaching
Identifiers (Article)
Abstract
This article discusses the creation of an innovative e-learning resource that provides a unique breadth of frequency, grammatical, and phonetic information on both Classical and Ecclesiastical Latin. Designed to bridge teaching and research, this new digital toolkit, which is available as both an online program and an Android mobile app, provides a frequency list of the most common Latin lemmas, as well as phonetic and grammatical information, including their syllabication, accentuation, and Classical and Ecclesiastical phonetic transcription according to the standards of the International Phonetic Alphabet. After providing a concise overview of the different ways in which Latin was and still is pronounced, this article will discuss the methodological and practical issues faced by the creation of the toolkit from the choice of an effective lemmatizing technique for identifying and categorizing inflected word-forms, to the creation of algorithms to accentuate Latin lemmas and transcribe Latin sounds (potentially involving multiple characters of the Latin alphabet) into IPA characters. In so doing, it will offer insights into the technologies used to maximize the impact of this new e-learning resource on teaching and research.
Statistics
References
Sources
Online sources
https://github.com/cltk/cltk/blob/master/cltk/phonology/latin/transcription.py (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/cltk/cltk/blob/master/cltk/prosody/latin/macronizer.py (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/cltk/cltk/blob/master/cltk/stem/latin/syllabifier.py (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/goldibex/parsleycore (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/latineloquamur/Latineloquamur-toolkit-IPA-transcriber-and-App (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/mlj/proielwebapp/tree/master/lib/morphology (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/tmallon/morpheus (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/wmshort/latinwordnet-archive (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://latin.netlify.com/ (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://latin.packhum.org/ (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.apps.kolosowski.synonymum&fbclid=IwAR3hyRixEd77nEcJtgKHgAXxTF86Zh4yoHw4ADJEuEuLum8Xk28zHL4Cg5U (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kolosowski.latinhandbook (Last access 10.09.2020).
https://risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk/portal/en/datasets/the-first-online-dictionary-of-latin-nearsynonyms(3cf644e6-86b8-44d0-a50a-b33c7ca86072).html (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://translate.google.com/?sl=la#view=home&op=translate&sl=la&tl=en&text (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://www.qcrit.org/ (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://www.qcrit.org/researchdetail/kHXib8DissfMp53Yx (Last access 02.09.2020).
References
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University Press, Cambridge 1966.
Avitus (2018): A. G. Avitus, Spoken Latin: Learning, Teaching, Lecturing and Research, Journal of
Classics Teaching 19.37 (2018), 46–52.
Barnett (2006): F. J. Barnett, The second appendix to Probus, The Classical Quarterly 56.1 (2006), 257–
278.
Calonghi (1898): F. Calonghi, Dizionario Latino-Italiano, Rosenberg & Sellier, Milan 1898.
Chiesa (2012): P. Chiesa, L'impiego del 'cursus' in sede di critica testuale: una prospettiva diagnostica,
in: F. Bognini, Meminisse iuuat. Studi in memoria di Violetta De Angelis, Edizioni ETS,
Florence 2012, 279–304.
Collins (2012): A. Collins, The English pronunciation of Latin: its rise and fall, Cambridge Classical
Journal, 58 (2012), 23–57.
Collins (1988): J. F. Collins, A primer of Ecclesiastical Latin, Catholic University of America Press,
Washington 1988.
Coxhead/Nation/Sim (2015): A. Coxhead/ P. Nation/ D. Sim, Measuring the Vocabulary Size of Native
Speakers of English in New Zealand Secondary Schools, NZ. J. Educ. Stud. 50 (2015), 121–135.
Cupaiuolo (1991): F. Cupaiuolo, Problemi di lingua latina. Appunti di grammatica storica, Loffredo,
Naples 1991.
Davies (2005): M. Davies, A frequency Dictionary of Spanish: Core vocabulary for learners, Routledge,
Abingdon 2005.
De Miguel (1867): R. J. G. C. De Miguel, Diccionario Latino-Español Etimológico, 1867.
De Valbuena (1819): M. De Valbuena, Diccionario Universal Latino-Español, Librerìa de Garnier
Hermanos 1819.
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fréquentiel et index inverse de la langue latine. L.A.S.L.A., Liege 1981.
Denooz (2010): J. Denooz, Nouveau lexique fréquentiel de latin. Alpha-Omega, Georg Olms Verlag,
Liege 2010.
Diederich (1939): P. B. Diederich, The Frequency of Latin Words and their Endings. University of
Chicago Press, Chicago 1939.
Du Cange (1883): C. Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis. Ed. L. Favre 1883.
Franklin (1875): H. Franklin, Dictionnaire des noms, surnoms et pseydonymes latáis du Moyen Age,
1875.
Gaffiot (2016): D. L. F. Gaffiot, Dictionnaire Latin-Français, Hachette, London 2016.
Gaffiot/Pierre (1934): D. L. F. Gaffiot, F. Pierre, Dictionnaire Latin-Français, Hachette, London 1934.
Georges (1888): K. E. Georges, Kleines deutsch-lateinisches Handwörterbuch, Hahnsche
verlagsbuchhandlung 1888.
Harrington/Pucci (1997): K. P. Harrington, J. Pucci, (eds.), Medieval Latin, University of Chicago Press,
Chicago 1997.
Kuzmin/Ignatiev/Grafov (2020): N. Kuzmin, K. Ignatiev, D. Grafov, Experience of Developing a
Mobile Application Using Flutter. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 621 (2020), 571–75.
Lewis/Short (1879): C. T. Lewis, C. Short, Latin Dictionary, Founded on Andrews’ Edition of Freund’s
Latin Dictionary: Revised, Enlarged, and in Great Part Rewritten, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1879.
Martinazzoli (1953): F. Martinazzoli, Hapax legomenon: Parte prima, Gismondi Editore 1953.
Muccigrosso (2004): J. D. Muccigrosso, Frequent vocabulary in Latin instruction, The Classical World
97.4 (2004), 409–433.
Noel (1822): F. Noel, Dictionarium Latino-Gallicum: dictionnaire latin-français, compose sur le plan
de l'ouvrage intitulé: Magnum totius latinitatis lexicon, de Facciolati, Le Normant 1822.
Norberg/Oldoni (1999): D. Norberg, M. Oldoni, (eds), Manuale di Latino Medievale, Avagliano Editore,
Napoli 1999.
Oniga (2003): R. Oniga, La sopravvivenza di lingue diverse dal latino nell'Italia di età Imperiale: alcune
testimonianze letterarie, Lexis: poética, retórica e comunicaciones nella tradizione classica, 21
(2003), 39–62.
Oniga (2014): R. Oniga, Latin: a linguistic introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014.
Passarotti/Baudassi/Litta/Ruffolo (2017): M. Passarotti, M. Budassi, E. Litta, P. Ruffolo, The
‘Lemlat3.0’ Package for Morphological Analysis of Latin, Proceedings of the NoDaLiDa 2017
Workshop on Processing Historical Language, 133 (2017), 24–31.
Paulus VI (1976): Paulus P. P. VI, Romani Sermonis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Rome 1976.
Pavanetto (2005): C. Pavanetto, Elementa linguae et grammaticae latinae, sexta editio aucta et
emendata, Edizioni Las, Roma 2005.
Préaux (1957): J. Préaux, Premier congrès international pour le latin vivant: Avignon 3–6 septembre
1956, Latomus, 16.3 (1957), 509–511.
Quicherat (1836): L. Quicherat, Dictionnaire Français-Latin, Hachette, London 1836.
Ramage (1963): E. S. Ramage, Urbanitas: Cicero and Quintilian, a contrast in attitudes, The American
Journal of Philology, 84.4 (1963), 390–414.
Serianni (1998): L. Serianni, Lezioni di grammatica storica italiana, Bulzoni, Rome 1998.
Short/George (2013): E. Short, A. George, A Primer of botanical Latin with vocabulary, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge 2013.
Sinclair (1991): J. Sinclair, Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1991).
Spinazzè (2014): L. Spinazzè, Cursus in clausula. An Online Analysis Tool of Latin Prose, Association
for Computing Machinery, 10 (2014), 1–6.
Springmann/Schmid/Dietmar (2016): U. Springmann, H. Schmid, N. Dietmar, LatMor: A Latin finite-
state morphology encoding vowel quantity, Open Linguistics - Topical Issue on Treebanking
and Ancient Languages: Current and Prospective Research, 2.1 (2016), 386–392.
Traina/Bernardi-Perini (1998): A. Traina, G. Bernardi-Perini, Propedeutica al latino universitario,
Pàtron, Rome 1998.
Williams (2012): M. A. Williams, Essential Latin Vocabulary: The 1,425 Most Commom Words
Occurring in the Actual Writings of Over 200 Latin Authors, Sophron, Milan 2012.
Online sources
https://github.com/cltk/cltk/blob/master/cltk/phonology/latin/transcription.py (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/cltk/cltk/blob/master/cltk/prosody/latin/macronizer.py (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/cltk/cltk/blob/master/cltk/stem/latin/syllabifier.py (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/goldibex/parsleycore (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/latineloquamur/Latineloquamur-toolkit-IPA-transcriber-and-App (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/mlj/proielwebapp/tree/master/lib/morphology (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/tmallon/morpheus (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://github.com/wmshort/latinwordnet-archive (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://latin.netlify.com/ (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://latin.packhum.org/ (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.apps.kolosowski.synonymum&fbclid=IwAR3hyRixEd77nEcJtgKHgAXxTF86Zh4yoHw4ADJEuEuLum8Xk28zHL4Cg5U (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kolosowski.latinhandbook (Last access 10.09.2020).
https://risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk/portal/en/datasets/the-first-online-dictionary-of-latin-nearsynonyms(3cf644e6-86b8-44d0-a50a-b33c7ca86072).html (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://translate.google.com/?sl=la#view=home&op=translate&sl=la&tl=en&text (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://www.qcrit.org/ (Last access 02.09.2020).
https://www.qcrit.org/researchdetail/kHXib8DissfMp53Yx (Last access 02.09.2020).
References
Allen (1966): W. S. Allen, Vox Latina: a guide to the pronunciation of Classical Latin, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge 1966.
Avitus (2018): A. G. Avitus, Spoken Latin: Learning, Teaching, Lecturing and Research, Journal of
Classics Teaching 19.37 (2018), 46–52.
Barnett (2006): F. J. Barnett, The second appendix to Probus, The Classical Quarterly 56.1 (2006), 257–
278.
Calonghi (1898): F. Calonghi, Dizionario Latino-Italiano, Rosenberg & Sellier, Milan 1898.
Chiesa (2012): P. Chiesa, L'impiego del 'cursus' in sede di critica testuale: una prospettiva diagnostica,
in: F. Bognini, Meminisse iuuat. Studi in memoria di Violetta De Angelis, Edizioni ETS,
Florence 2012, 279–304.
Collins (2012): A. Collins, The English pronunciation of Latin: its rise and fall, Cambridge Classical
Journal, 58 (2012), 23–57.
Collins (1988): J. F. Collins, A primer of Ecclesiastical Latin, Catholic University of America Press,
Washington 1988.
Coxhead/Nation/Sim (2015): A. Coxhead/ P. Nation/ D. Sim, Measuring the Vocabulary Size of Native
Speakers of English in New Zealand Secondary Schools, NZ. J. Educ. Stud. 50 (2015), 121–135.
Cupaiuolo (1991): F. Cupaiuolo, Problemi di lingua latina. Appunti di grammatica storica, Loffredo,
Naples 1991.
Davies (2005): M. Davies, A frequency Dictionary of Spanish: Core vocabulary for learners, Routledge,
Abingdon 2005.
De Miguel (1867): R. J. G. C. De Miguel, Diccionario Latino-Español Etimológico, 1867.
De Valbuena (1819): M. De Valbuena, Diccionario Universal Latino-Español, Librerìa de Garnier
Hermanos 1819.
Delatte/Evrard/Govaerts/Denooz (1981): L. Delatte, É. Evrard, S. Govaerts, J. Denooz, Dictionnaire
fréquentiel et index inverse de la langue latine. L.A.S.L.A., Liege 1981.
Denooz (2010): J. Denooz, Nouveau lexique fréquentiel de latin. Alpha-Omega, Georg Olms Verlag,
Liege 2010.
Diederich (1939): P. B. Diederich, The Frequency of Latin Words and their Endings. University of
Chicago Press, Chicago 1939.
Du Cange (1883): C. Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis. Ed. L. Favre 1883.
Franklin (1875): H. Franklin, Dictionnaire des noms, surnoms et pseydonymes latáis du Moyen Age,
1875.
Gaffiot (2016): D. L. F. Gaffiot, Dictionnaire Latin-Français, Hachette, London 2016.
Gaffiot/Pierre (1934): D. L. F. Gaffiot, F. Pierre, Dictionnaire Latin-Français, Hachette, London 1934.
Georges (1888): K. E. Georges, Kleines deutsch-lateinisches Handwörterbuch, Hahnsche
verlagsbuchhandlung 1888.
Harrington/Pucci (1997): K. P. Harrington, J. Pucci, (eds.), Medieval Latin, University of Chicago Press,
Chicago 1997.
Kuzmin/Ignatiev/Grafov (2020): N. Kuzmin, K. Ignatiev, D. Grafov, Experience of Developing a
Mobile Application Using Flutter. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 621 (2020), 571–75.
Lewis/Short (1879): C. T. Lewis, C. Short, Latin Dictionary, Founded on Andrews’ Edition of Freund’s
Latin Dictionary: Revised, Enlarged, and in Great Part Rewritten, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1879.
Martinazzoli (1953): F. Martinazzoli, Hapax legomenon: Parte prima, Gismondi Editore 1953.
Muccigrosso (2004): J. D. Muccigrosso, Frequent vocabulary in Latin instruction, The Classical World
97.4 (2004), 409–433.
Noel (1822): F. Noel, Dictionarium Latino-Gallicum: dictionnaire latin-français, compose sur le plan
de l'ouvrage intitulé: Magnum totius latinitatis lexicon, de Facciolati, Le Normant 1822.
Norberg/Oldoni (1999): D. Norberg, M. Oldoni, (eds), Manuale di Latino Medievale, Avagliano Editore,
Napoli 1999.
Oniga (2003): R. Oniga, La sopravvivenza di lingue diverse dal latino nell'Italia di età Imperiale: alcune
testimonianze letterarie, Lexis: poética, retórica e comunicaciones nella tradizione classica, 21
(2003), 39–62.
Oniga (2014): R. Oniga, Latin: a linguistic introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014.
Passarotti/Baudassi/Litta/Ruffolo (2017): M. Passarotti, M. Budassi, E. Litta, P. Ruffolo, The
‘Lemlat3.0’ Package for Morphological Analysis of Latin, Proceedings of the NoDaLiDa 2017
Workshop on Processing Historical Language, 133 (2017), 24–31.
Paulus VI (1976): Paulus P. P. VI, Romani Sermonis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Rome 1976.
Pavanetto (2005): C. Pavanetto, Elementa linguae et grammaticae latinae, sexta editio aucta et
emendata, Edizioni Las, Roma 2005.
Préaux (1957): J. Préaux, Premier congrès international pour le latin vivant: Avignon 3–6 septembre
1956, Latomus, 16.3 (1957), 509–511.
Quicherat (1836): L. Quicherat, Dictionnaire Français-Latin, Hachette, London 1836.
Ramage (1963): E. S. Ramage, Urbanitas: Cicero and Quintilian, a contrast in attitudes, The American
Journal of Philology, 84.4 (1963), 390–414.
Serianni (1998): L. Serianni, Lezioni di grammatica storica italiana, Bulzoni, Rome 1998.
Short/George (2013): E. Short, A. George, A Primer of botanical Latin with vocabulary, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge 2013.
Sinclair (1991): J. Sinclair, Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1991).
Spinazzè (2014): L. Spinazzè, Cursus in clausula. An Online Analysis Tool of Latin Prose, Association
for Computing Machinery, 10 (2014), 1–6.
Springmann/Schmid/Dietmar (2016): U. Springmann, H. Schmid, N. Dietmar, LatMor: A Latin finite-
state morphology encoding vowel quantity, Open Linguistics - Topical Issue on Treebanking
and Ancient Languages: Current and Prospective Research, 2.1 (2016), 386–392.
Traina/Bernardi-Perini (1998): A. Traina, G. Bernardi-Perini, Propedeutica al latino universitario,
Pàtron, Rome 1998.
Williams (2012): M. A. Williams, Essential Latin Vocabulary: The 1,425 Most Commom Words
Occurring in the Actual Writings of Over 200 Latin Authors, Sophron, Milan 2012.
Published
2021-02-09
Issue
Section
Language
English
Academic discipline and sub-disciplines
Classics, Digital Humanities, E-learning, Latin, Linguistics
Keywords
Latin, App, Linguistics, Lemmatization, Digital, E-learning, Classics, Ecclesiastical
