The Third Side of the Coin: Using Google Earth to Visualize Numismatic Data
Identifiants (Article)
Identifiants (Fichiers)
Résumé
This article presents one digital approach to ancient numismatics. The proposed methodology maps geo-referenced quantities of coin finds within the platform of Google Earth – a free virtual globe available through the Internet. Especially for the uninitiated scholar, Google Earth efficiently visualizes both the spatial and chronological distribution of thousands of coins and provides an intuitive and interactive space for exploring regional and empire-wide patterns in their movement. While the practical applications of this methodology are many, this article focuses on an ongoing study of Antioch-on-the-Orontes in northern Syria and its regional evolution after Roman annexation. This project draws upon Google Earth as an invaluable first step in synthesizing the wealth of disparate coin data available for the city. After outlining the methodology to achieve such a visualization, this article highlights several promising patterns revealed by Google Earth in the dataset.
Statistiques
Références
Aperghis (2004): G.G. Aperghis, The Seleukid royal economy: the finances and financial administration of the Seleukid empire, New York.
Bay (1972): A. Bay, “The letters SC on Augustan aes coiange”, Journal of Roman Studies 62, 111-22.
Beliën (2009): P. Beliën, “From coins to comprehensive narrative? The coin finds from the Roman army camp on Kops Plateau at Nijmegen: problems and opportunities”, in: H.-M. von Kaenel and F. Kemmers (ed.), Coins in context I: new perspectives for the interpretation of coin finds, Mainz 2009, 61-80.
Bellinger (1949): A. R. Bellinger, The excavations at Dura-Europos conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscription and Letters 6.1: the coins, New Haven.
Bodenhamer (2008): D. J. Bodenhamer, “History and GIS: implications for the discipline”, in: A. K. Knowles (ed.), Placing history: how maps, spatial data, and GIS are changing historical scholarship, Redlands, 219-34.
Brunk (1980): G. G. Brunk, “A hoard from Syria countermarked by the Roman legions”, American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 25, 63-76.
Burnett (1987): A. Burnett, Coinage in the Roman world, London.
Burnett, Amandry, and Ripollès (1992): A. Burnett, M. Amandry, and P. P. Ripollès, Roman provincial coinage I.1, London.
Butcher (1996): K. Butcher, “Coinage and currency in Syria and Palestine to the reign of Gallienus”, in: C. E. King and D. G. Wigg (ed.), Coin finds and coin use in the Roman world; the thirteenth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History 25.-27.3.1993; A Nato Advanced Research Workshop, Berlin, 101-12.
Butcher (2001-2002): K. Butcher, “Small change in ancient Beirut: the coin finds from BEY 006 and BEY 045: Persian, Hellenistic, and Byzantine periods”, Berytus Archaeological Studies 45-46.
Butcher (2002): K. Butcher, “Circulation of bronze coinage in the Orontes Valley in the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods”, in: C. Augé and F. Duyrat (ed.), Les monnayages syriens: Quel apport pour l’histoire du Proche-Orient hellénistique et romain? Actes de la table ronde de Damas, 10-12 novembre 1999, Beirut, 145-52.
Butcher (2003): K. Butcher, Roman Syria and the Near East, Los Angeles.
Butcher (2004): K. Butcher, Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC-AD 253, London.
Carradice (1983): I. Carradice, “Coinage in Judaea in the Flavian period, A.D. 70-96”, Israel Numismatic Journal 6-7, 14-21.
Casana (2003): J. Casana, From Alalakh to Antioch: settlement, land use, and environmental change in the Amuq Valley of southern Turkey, diss. Univ. of Chicago.
Casey (1986): P. J. Casey, Understanding ancient coins, Norman.
Cohen (2006): G. Cohen, The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea basin, and North Africa, Berkeley.
Connolly and Lake (2006): J. Connolly and M. Lake, Geographical Information Systems in archaeology, New York.
Downey (1961): G. Downey, A history of Antioch in Syria, Princeton.
Doyen (1987): Jean-Marc Doyen, Les monnaies antiques de Tell Abou Danné et d'Oumm el-Marra, Aspects de la circulation monétaire en Syrie du nord sous les Séleucides, Bruxelles.
Duyrat (2015): F. Duyrat, “The circulation of coins in Syria and Mesopotamia in the sixth to first centuries BC”, in: R.J. van der Spek, B. van Leeuwen, and J. Luiten van Zande (ed.), A history of market performance: from ancient Babylonia to the modern world, New York, 363-395.
Evans (2006): J. DeRose Evans, The coins and the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine economy of Palestine, Boston.
Gattiglia (2015): G. Gattiglia, “Think big about data: Archaeology and the Big Data challenge”, Archäologische Informationen 38, 113-124.
Goodchild (2008): M. F. Goodchild, “What does Google Earth mean for the social sciences”, in: M. Dodge, M. McDerby, and M. Turner (ed.), Geographic visualization: concepts, tools and applications, West Sussex, 11-24.
Goodchild (2012): M. Goodchild et al., “Next-generation digital earth”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109.28, 11088-94.
Grant (1946): M. Grant, From imperium to auctoritas: a historical study of AES coinage in the Roman empire (49 BC-AD 14), Cambridge.
Guest (2012): P. Guest, “The production, supply and use of late Roman and early Byzantine copper coinage in the eastern empire”, Numismatic Chronicle 172, 105-31.
Harl (1987): K. Harl, Civic coins and civic politics in the Roman east, A.D. 180-275, Berkeley.
Harl (1996): K. Harl, Coinage in the Roman economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700, Baltimore.
Henry (2009): A. Henry, Using Google Earth for Internet GIS, MSc in Geographical Information Science, Univ. of Edinburgh.
Heuchert (2005): V. Heuchert, “The chronological development of Roman provincial coin iconography”, in: C. Howgego, V. Heuchert, and A. Burnett (ed.), Coinage and identity in the Roman provinces, Oxford.
Hoover (2009): O. D. Hoover, Handbook of Syrian coins: royal and civic issues: fourth to first centuries BC, London.
Howgego (1982): C. Howgego, “Coinage and military finance: the imperial bronze coinage of the Augustan east”, Numismatic Chronicle 142, 1-20.
Howgego (1985): C. V. Howgego, Greek imperial countermarks: studies in the provincial coinage of the Roman empire, London.
Howgego (1995): C. V. Howgego, Ancient history from coins, London.
Howgego (2005): C. V. Howgego, “Coinage and identity in the Roman provinces”, in: C. V. Howgego, V. Heuchert, and A. Burnett (ed.), Coinage and identity in the Roman Provinces, Oxford, 1-17.
Johnston (2007): A. Johnston, Greek imperial denominations, ca 200-275: a study of the Roman provincial bronze coinages of Asia Minor, London.
Jones (1940): A. H. M. Jones, The Greek city from Alexander to Justinian, Oxford.
Jones (1971): A. H. M. Jones, The cities of the eastern Roman provinces, Oxford.
Jones (1963): T. B. Jones, “A numismatic riddle: the so-called Greek imperials”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107.4, 308-47.
Kemmers (2006): F. Kemmers, Coins for a legion: An analysis of the coins finds from the Augustan legionary fortress and Flavian Canabae Legionis at Nijmegen, Mainz.
Kemmers and Myrberg (2011): F. Kemmers and N. Myrberg, “Rethinking numismatics. The archaeology of coins”, Archaeological Dialogues 18.1, 87-108.
Knowles (2008): A. K. Knowles, “GIS and history”, in: A. K. Knowles (ed.), Placing history: how maps, spatial data, and GIS are changing historical scholarship, Redlands, 1-26.
Kosmin (2014): P. Kosmin, The land of the Elephant kings: space, territory, and ideology in the Seleucid empire, Cambridge.
Kroll (1993): J. H. Kroll, The Athenian Agora 26, Princeton.
Leblanc and Poccardi (1999): J. Leblanc and G. Poccardi, “Étude de la permanence de tracés urbains et ruraux antiques à Antioche-sur-l’Oronte”, Syria 76, 91-126.
Lockyear (2007): K. Lockyear, “Where do we go from here? Recording and analysing Roman coins from archaeological excavations”, Britannia 38, 219-24.
MacDonald (1976): D. J. MacDonald, Greek and Roman coins from Aphrodisias, BAR Supplementary Series 9, Oxford.
McAlee (2007): R. McAlee, The coins of Roman Antioch, Lancaster.
Meadows and Gruber (2014): A. Meadows and E. Gruber, “Coinage and Numismatic Methods. A Case Study of Linking a Discipline”, ISAW Papers 7.15.
Meir (2000): C. Meir, “Coins: the historical evidence of the ancient city of Jaffa”, in: B. Kluge and B. Weisser (ed.), XII. Internationaler Numismatischer Kongress Berlin 1997 1, Berlin, 123-30.
Meshorer (2001): Y. Meshorer, A treasury of Jewish coins: from the Persian period to Bar Kokhba, Jerusalem.
Millar (1993): F. Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 BC-AD 337, Cambridge.
Millar (2006): F. Millar, Rome, the Greek world, and the East 3, H. M. Cotton and G. M. Rogers (ed.), Chapel Hill.
Mørkholm (1984): O. Mørkholm, “The monetary system in the Seleucid empire after 187 B.C.”, in: W. Heckel and R. Sullivan (ed.), Ancient coins of the Graeco-Roman world, The Nickle Numismatic Papers, Waterloo, 93-113.
Newell and Mørkholm (1977): E. T. Newell and O. Mørkholm, The coinage of the western Seleucid mints from Seleucus I to Antiochus III, Numismatic Studies 4, New York.
Newton (2006): D. Newton, “Found coins as indicators of coins in circulation: testing some assumptions”, European Journal of Archaeology 9.2-3, 211-27.
Nixon (2002): C. E. V. Nixon, “The coins”, in: G. W. Clarke (ed.), Jebel Khalid on the Euphrates 1, Sydney, 291-335.
Pamir (2012): H. Pamir, “Preliminary Results of the Recent Archaeological Researches in Antioch on the Orontes and its Vicinity”, in: C. Saliou (ed.), Les sources de l’histoire du paysage urbain d’Antioche sur l’Oronte, Actes des journées d’études des 20 et 21 septembre 2010, Paris, 259-270.
Raschke (1978): M. G. Raschke, “New Studies in Roman Commerce with the East”, in: H. Temporini (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II.9.2, Berlin, 604-1361.
Reece, et al. (2008): R. Reece, et al., “Jerusalem: the coins”, in: K. Prag (ed.), Excavations by K.M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961-1967 5, London, 411-431.
Ryan (1988): N. S. Ryan, Fourth-century coin finds from Roman Britain: a computer analysis, Oxford.
Saliou (2012): C. Saliou, “Les sources antiques: esquisse de présentation générale”, in: C. Saliou (ed.), Les sources de l’histoire du paysage urbain d’Antioche sur l’Oronte, Actes des journées d’études des 20 et 21 septembre 2010, Paris, 25-42.
Sartre (2005): M. Sartre, The middle east under Rome, trans. C. Porter, E. Rawlings, and J. Routier-Pucci, Cambridge.
Seyrig (1955): H. Seyrig, “Trésor monétaire de Nisibe”, Revue Numismatique 17, 85-128.
Shennan (1997): S. Shennan, Quantifying archaeology, 2nd edition, Edinburgh.
Shepherd (2008): I. D. H. Shepherd, “Travails in the third dimension: a critical evaluation of three-dimensional geographical visualization,” in: M. Dodge, M. McDerby, and M. Turner (ed.), Geographic visualization: concepts, tools and applications, Chichester, 199-222.
‘Think Global’ (2006): ‘Think Global’, Nature 439.7078 (16 February 2006), 763.
Thompson, Mørkholm, and Kraay (1973): M. Thompson, O. Mørkholm, and C. M. Kraay, An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, New York.
Waage (1952): D. B. Waage, Antioch-on-the-Orontes: committee for the excavation of Antioch and its vicinity 4.2: Greek, Roman, Byzantine and crusader’s coins, Princeton.
Wallace-Hadrill (1986): A. Wallace-Hadrill, “Image and authority in the coinage of Augustus”, Journal of Roman Studies 76, 66-87.
Young (2001): G. K. Young, Rome’s eastern trade: international commerce and imperial policy, 31 BC-AD 305, London.
Licence
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International.