Illuminating the Herculaneum Papyri: Testing new imaging techniques on unrolled carbonised manuscript fragments

  • Kathryn E. Piquette (Author)
    University College London

    Senior Research Associate at the UCL Centre for Digital Humanities. As an Egyptologist and digital imaging specialist her research interests encompass the archaeology—including writing and art—of ancient Egypt and the Near East, and their investigation through the lens of social theory and practices from the Digital Humanities.

Identifiers (Article)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/dco.2017.0.39417

Identifiers (Files)

URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-dco-394179 (PDF)

Abstract

This article describes the results of advanced imaging pilot testing on unrolled Herculaneum Papyri undertaken in 2014 as part of a collaboration between the Universität zu Köln and the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli. Building on results obtained by a Brigham Young University team in 1999–2002 using near infrared (NIR) photography, the aim was to test the potential for improving legibility and documentation of surface structures by combining the nondestructive techniques of NIR and Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI). The results show that, in addition to achieving super high-resolution images with enhanced contrast between the black ink and carbonised papyrus, NIR-RTI enables more accurate recording of surface morphology surface and enables the user to clarify the relationships between the ink constrate and the papyrus substrate. The article also identifies areas for improving image acquisition and usability.

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References

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Supplementary Content

  • List of supporting people and agencies
    Description
    This complete list was not accepted by field on previous page, so am giving details this word document.
    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
    Contributor or sponsoring agency
    na
  • fig1
    Description

    PHerc. 1506, Cornice 01 in storage box (Kathryn E. Piquette, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • fig2
    Description

    Figure 2. PHerc. 78, Cornice 08 detail showing complex shape of papyrus (Sarah Hendriks, courtesy Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Sarah Hendriks
  • fig3
    Description

    Figure 3. Test 1 workspace comprised of two large desks pushed together in upper room of library with stable floor. Mariacristina Fimiani, CISPE collaborator, looks on (Kathryn E. Piquette).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
    Publisher
    na
  • fig4a
    Description

    Figure 4a–c. a: PHerc. 862, Cornice 01, Pezzo 02 (upper), as shot for visible H-RTI Test 1; b. Detail of BYU spectral image (courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli – Brigham Young University); c. Detail of RTI image (HSH), Specular Enhancement rendering mode (a and c Kathryn E. Piquette, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • fig4b
    Description

    Figure 4a–c. a: PHerc. 862, Cornice 01, Pezzo 02 (right), as shot for visible H-RTI Test 1; b. Detail of BYU spectral image (courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli – Brigham Young University); c. Detail of RTI image (HSH), Specular Enhancement rendering mode (a and c Kathryn E. Piquette, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • fig4c
    Description

    Here Figure 4a–c. a: PHerc. 862, Cornice 01, Pezzo 02 (right), as shot for visible H-RTI Test 1; b. Detail of BYU spectral image (courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli – Brigham Young University); c. Detail of RTI image (HSH), Specular Enhancement rendering mode (a and c Kathryn E. Piquette, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

  • fig5
    Description
    Figure 5. a. 48 LED Illuminator (30° beam spread) employed for Test 2. b. With customised light throw attached.
    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • fig6
    Description

    Figure 6. The author with the NIR H-RTI setup in the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli (Michael McOsker).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Michael MacOsker
  • fig7a
    Description

    Figure 7. Normals Visualizations of detail of PHerc. 994, Cornice 09, Pezzo 23 at 200% magnification. a. Exposure adjustment of +0.7 and crispest in appearance. b. +3.0 shows some degradation/blurring in comparison to +0.7. c.+2.0 gives usable brightness with less degradation than +3.0 (RTI images Kathryn E. Piquette).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • fig7b
    Description

    Here Figure 7. Normals Visualizations of detail of PHerc. 994, Cornice 09, Pezzo 23 at 200% magnification. a. Exposure adjustment of +0.7 and crispest in appearance. b. +3.0 shows some degradation/blurring in comparison to +0.7. c.+2.0 gives usable brightness with less degradation than +3.0 (RTI images Kathryn E. Piquette).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • fig7c
    Description

    Figure 7. Normals Visualizations of detail of PHerc. 994, Cornice 09, Pezzo 23 at 200% magnification. a. Exposure adjustment of +0.7 and crispest in appearance. b. +3.0 shows some degradation/blurring in comparison to +0.7. c.+2.0 gives usable brightness with less degradation than +3.0 (RTI images Kathryn E. Piquette).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • fig8a
    Description

    Figure 8. PHerc. 862, Cornice 01, Pezzo 01. a. Full (BYU NIR photograph [950nm] [courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli – Brigham Young University]). b. Detail. c–d. RTI details, Specular Enhancement rendering mode with light in different positions showing physical structure and relationship between ink and layers (Author, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Brigham Young University (with adaption by Kathryn E. Piquette)
  • fig8b
    Description

    Figure 8. PHerc. 862, Cornice 01, Pezzo 01. a. Full (BYU NIR photograph [950nm] [courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli – Brigham Young University]). b. Detail. c–d. RTI details, Specular Enhancement rendering mode with light in different positions showing physical structure and relationship between ink and layers (Author, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Brigham Young University (with adaption by Kathryn E. Piquette)
  • fig8c
    Description

    Figure 8. PHerc. 862, Cornice 01, Pezzo 01. a. Full (BYU NIR photograph [950nm] [courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli – Brigham Young University]). b. Detail. c–d. RTI details, Specular Enhancement rendering mode with light in different positions showing physical structure and relationship between ink and layers (Author, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • fig8d
    Description

    Figure 8. PHerc. 862, Cornice 01, Pezzo 01. a. Full (BYU NIR photograph [950nm] [courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli – Brigham Young University]). b. Detail. c–d. RTI details, Specular Enhancement rendering mode with light in different positions showing physical structure and relationship between ink and layers (Author, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • fig9a
    Description

    Here Figure 9. Detail of PHerc. 1506, Cornice 01, Pezzo 01. a. BYU NIR photograph (950nm) (courtesy Brigham Young University). b. Normals Visualisation showing the high degree of micro-geometry that can be captured with NIR H-RTI (Kathryn E. Piquette, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).


    Creator (or owner) of file
    Brigham Young University (with adaption by Kathryn E. Piquette)
  • fig9b
    Description

    Figure 9. Detail of PHerc. 1506, Cornice 01, Pezzo 01. a. BYU NIR photograph (950nm) (courtesy Brigham Young University). b. Normals Visualisation showing the high degree of micro-geometry that can be captured with NIR H-RTI (Author, courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli).

    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • Table 1
    Description
    Table 1. Herculaneum papyri imaged for Test 1 using visible H-RTI.
    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
  • Table 2
    Description
    Table 2. Herculaneum papyri imaged for Test 2 using NIR H-RTI.
    Creator (or owner) of file
    Kathryn E. Piquette
Published
2017-11-02
Issue
Bd. 3,2 (2017)
Section
Digital Classics Online Artikel
Language
en
Contributor or sponsoring agency
FOR LIST SEE ATTACHED FILE IN SUPPLEMENTS (advise if shortening is reuqired - draws on acknoledgements in article)
Keywords
Herculaneum papyri, digital imaging, Reflectance Transformation Imaging, infrared photography

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